Towards the Standardization of the Modeling of Multi-Frequency Observations

Blazars, a class of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets oriented toward Earth, are powerful and highly variable emitters across the electromagnetic spectrum. Time-domain multi-messenger and multi-wavelength (MWL) studies are essential for understanding the physical processes at work on these systems, yet they often rely on proprietary tools specific to each instrument for reconstructing and modeling the collected data. In this talk, the current state of blazar studies is briefly outlined within the context of astroparticle physics and gamma-ray astrophysics, with a focus on the importance of MWL observations.

In the second part, we explore the use of the open-source Python package Gammapy, originally developed for gamma-ray data analysis, to design a unified framework for MWL analyses, spanning a broad energy range from optical to gamma-rays. Recent data from the flaring blazars OP 313 and 4C+27.50 are used to illustrate how a consistent analysis and modeling of the data can be performed by integrating observations from instruments such as the Liverpool Telescope, Swift, NuSTAR, and Fermi-LAT. A forward-folding approach is employed, providing a more rigorous treatment of observational data, instrument responses and astrophysical and instrumental backgrounds. With this, we demonstrate the potential of open-source tools and standardized data formats to unify traditionally isolated datasets, setting the path for more accessible and reproducible MWL studies. The seminar concludes with a discussion of two immediate applications of this methodology in AGN research.