Seminarios
Seminarios científicos impartidos por científicos y tecnólogos del IAA y de los muchos centros e instituciones de investigación que nos visitan. Muestra del intenso intercambio científico, se celebra a las 12:30 de cada jueves. Los seminarios se retransmiten en directo en IAA - CSIC Seminars Live.
Instrucciones
Para más información contactar con seminars (at) iaa.es.
1 - 50 de un total de 1250
Pages
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20/11/2025 - 12:30
LST Collaboration TBP LST Collaboration LST |
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23/10/2025 - 12:30
WST: The Wide Field Spectroscopic Telescope The WST project aims to design and construct an innovative 10-metre class wide-field spectroscopic survey telescope (WST) in the southern hemisphere. It will feature the parallel operation of two cutting-edge instruments: a high-multiplex (30,000), large field-of-view (3 square degrees) multi-object spectrograph (MOS) operating in both low- and high-resolution modes, and a giant panoramic integral field spectrograph (IFS). WST’s ambitious top... Prof. Roland Bacon CRAL - Observatoire de Lyon, France |
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16/10/2025 - 12:30
TBP tbp Dr. Pedro de la Luque Torre TBP |
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24/07/2025 - 12:30
The assembly process of star clusters: ALMA-IMF protoclusters traced by N2H+ In this talk I focus on the analysis of two of ALMA-IMF Large program protoclusters, the G353.41 and the G351.77, located at a distance of ∼2 kpc and with masses ∼2.5×10^3 M⊙ within 2pc^2 , and both embedded in larger-scale (∼8 pc) "mother filaments". We analyze the dense gas kinematics a 4 kau resolution traced by N2H+ (1−0). Focusing on G353, and from position-velocity (PV) diagrams we suggest that at large scales (~1 pc) the protocluster is... jane University of St Andrews, Scotland; Universidad de Concepción, Chile. |
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03/07/2025 - 12:30
New clues about how Mars lost its water I will talk about a recent study led by IAA-CSIC focused on the atmospheric H escape during high obliquity periods in recent Mars (average ~35º in last millions of years, current value ~25º). Observations show that current thermal H escape (major water loss process) varies seasonally, with considerable increases during dust storms of both water abundance in the upper atmosphere and H escape rate. Present H-loss rates agree with 3D simulations... Dr. Gabriella Gilli IAA-CSIC |
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17/06/2025 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: The multiple aspects of Star-Planet Interactions Star-Planet Interactions (SPIs) encompass a range of physical processes that occur in close-in exoplanetary systems, where the proximity between a star and its planet leads to complex magnetic, gravitational, and atmospheric effects. These interactions can influence both stellar activity and planetary evolution, making them crucial to our understanding of exoplanetary environments, habitability, and observational signatures across multiple... Dr. Rim Fares United Arab Emirates University, UAE |
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05/06/2025 - 12:30
SO colloquium: What can we expect and hope for in quantum computing? Quantum computing can solve specific problems much faster than classical computing concepts. Promising applications include material science and chemistry as well as optimizations problems Once quantum computing is fully matured, it can even crack the most commonly used encryption methods and thus make emails, credit cards, bank transactions, etc. insecure. In recent years, quantum computing has made significant progress, which raised interest... Dr. Michael Hartmann Institute of Theoretical Physics, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg |
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03/06/2025 - 12:30
Towards an observationally motivated AGN dusty torus model Several models of nuclear dust in active galactic nuclei (AGN) have been presented in the literature to determine its physical and geometrical properties, usually assuming the dust density distribution as the main aspect producing differences in the mid-infrared (MIR) emission of AGNs. My PhD research investigates the physical and chemical properties of dust in the torus of AGNs using MIR spectral analysis and radiative transfer (RT) modeling.... Ulises Reyes Amador IRYA-UNAM, México |
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29/05/2025 - 12:30
SO colloquium: The PARSEC view of star formation and the interstellar medium in galaxies The PARSEC project is a multiwavelength investigation of the centers of galaxies at parsec scales. In this presentation, I will provide a direct visualization of the star formation process in the centers of galaxies, resolved into their building blocks—the star clusters. I will address the triggering process of star formation in a range of galaxies with different morphologies and levels of nuclear activity. This triggering process will be... Dr. Almudena Prieto Instituto Astrofisica Canarias & University Observatory of Munich |
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27/05/2025 - 12:30
Jets in Planetary Nebulae At the end of the 20th century, we thought we had a solid understanding of how low-mass stars evolved into planetary nebulae. However, by studying the stages leading up to these nebulae, we discovered a puzzle: the energy needed to form them was too large to be explained by traditional models. This revelation led us to explore a more complex scenario: the interaction of binary stars. The gravitational energy and angular momentum of these... Dr. Guillermo García Segura Instituto de Astronomía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ensenada, Baja California |
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22/05/2025 - 12:30
Galaxies Hidden in the Forest as a new BAO tracer (and other applications) The acceleration of the expansion rate of the Universe is yet to be explained. Several models, including LCDM, try to explain this acceleration. LCDM bases its explanation on a mysterious dark energy, adding up to ~75% of the total energy density of the Universe. Other models present modified theories of gravity to explain this effect. But which one is correct? The expansion history of the Universe is a great observable to discriminate between... Dr. Ignasi Pérez Rafols Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC), España. |
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08/05/2025 - 12:30
SO Webloquium: Protecting Dark and Quiet Skies from Satellite Interference: Challenges and Mitigation Efforts The rapid deployment of satellite megaconstellations is fundamentally changing the sky, posing a growing challenge to both optical and radio astronomy. While the issue is widely acknowledged, the full extent of its impact, the ongoing mitigation efforts, and the potential future scenarios remain less well understood. The International Astronomical Union (IAU) established the Centre for the Protection of Dark and Quiet Skies (CPS) to coordinate... Dr. Federico Di Vruno SKAO & IAU-CPS |
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10/04/2025 - 12:30
Impacts of Cosmic Dust in the Atmospheres of Mars and Venus Cosmic dust particles are produced from the sublimation of comets and by collisions between asteroids. Because the particles enter a planetary atmosphere at hypersonic velocities, collisional heating with air molecules causes a fraction of them to melt, leading to vaporization of their metallic constituents. The injection of these elements causes a wide variety of atmospheric phenomena in the terrestrial atmosphere, including the formation of... Dr. John Plane School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK |
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08/04/2025 - 12:30
Synthetic ngVLA Observations of Ionized Gas in Massive Protostars and Future Prospects for Protoplanetary Disk Studies with ngVLA and SKA. The study of protoplanetary disks is essential for understanding stellar evolution and the origins of planets. However, these systems present significant observational challenges due to their small angular size, low surface brightness, and complex structure. Radio interferometry provides a unique advantage by observing dust and gas at wavelengths that penetrate the dense regions where the protoplanetary disk forms. The upcoming Next Generation... Dr. Miguel Jáquez IRyA (UNAM), México |
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03/04/2025 - 12:30
Phase curve fitting in the context of large-scale photometric surveys Nowadays, we are experiencing a revolution in astronomical surveys. Thanks to ground-based and orbiting telescopes, millions of observations of asteroids in various photometric filters are available. The main objective of our project is to develop tools for reading, processing, and analyzing large volumes of data. We’ve successfully determined phase curves for thousands of asteroids in orange and cyan filters from the latest ATLAS Solar System... Dr. Milagros Colazo Astronomical Observatory Institute, Faculty of Physics and Astronomy, Adam Mickiewicz University |
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01/04/2025 - 12:30
A Minion in PANIC arrives to Calar Alto Observatory Calar Alto has a new tenant: PANIC, the PAnoramic Near-Infrared Camera for Calar Alto. PANIC is a project jointly developed by the MPIA in Heidelberg, Germany, and the IAA in Granada, Spain, for the Calar Alto Observatory (CAHA; Almería, Spain). This instrument can work with the 2.2 m and 3.5 m telescopes. Its original detector has been recently replaced by a monolithic HAWAII-4RG, therefore the instrument covers now a field of view of 26×26... Ana Guijarro, Vianak Naranjo, Antonio J. García, José M. Ibáñez and Sara Muñoz MPIA, CAHA and IAA-CSIC, Germany/Spain |
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25/03/2025 - 12:30
What Stops Star Formation in Isolated Dwarf Galaxies in the Most Underdense Cosmic Regions? The shallow potential wells of low-mass galaxies, commonly known as dwarf galaxies, make them highly susceptible to environmental effects, often leading to the complete cessation of star formation. But is quenching solely driven by external forces in harsh environments, or can dwarf galaxies also self-quench through mechanisms like strong stellar winds or supernova feedback, independent of external influences? In this contribution, I present our... Dr. Bahar Bidaran Dpto. Física Teórica y del Cosmos Universidad de Granada, Spain |
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11/03/2025 - 12:30
J-HERTz: J-PLUS Heritage Exploration of Radio Targets at z < 5 In this talk, I will present J-HERTz, the J-PLUS Heritage Exploration of Radio Targets at z... David Fernández Gil CEFCA, Teruel, España |
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06/03/2025 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: Gravitational wave astrometry with the SKAO Pulsar timing array detection of a gravitational wave background represents a milestone in the field of gravitational wave astronomy. However, the origin of such a signal is still a matter of intense debate: while supermassive black hole binaries formed as a result of galaxy mergers represent the most obvious candidate for the gravitational wave signal, many "new Physics" models can potentially explain at least part of the detected background.... Dr. Nicola Bellomo Dipartimento di Fisica “Galileo Galilei”, Universitá degli Studi di Padova, Italy |
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26/02/2025 - 12:30
ORCA-TWIN: Fast & low read noise CMOS camera project for planetary science and astrophysics The emerging German Center for Astrophyics (DZA) aspires - next to activities for gravitational wave astronomy, radio astronomy, and big data - to engage in CMOS sensor development with the local semiconductor industry and international partners. In parallel to establishing a first detector lab that has become operational recently, two off-the-shelf CMOS cameras were procured to explore hands-on the capabilities for time domain astronomy and solar... Dr. Martin M. Roth Deutsches Zentrum für Astrophysik (DZA), Görlitz Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP) Universität Potsdam |
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25/02/2025 - 12:30
Chemical Fingerprints of Galaxy Evolution I will summarise the main projects we are currently working on that use the chemical abundances and pattern as fossil records of galaxy evolution. In particular, the chemical abundances of the star-forming regions of galaxies contain valuable information about their assembly histories, as well as about the processes that regulate the history of star formation and the mixing of chemical elements. In particular, they encode the history of recent... Dr. Patricia B. Tissera Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile. |
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13/02/2025 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: Present and future of exoplanet research The search for new worlds in the Galaxy in the past three decades has been highly successful and the prospects for the next decade are even brighter. A succession of space missions and ground-based facilities defines a timeline extending well into the 2030s. Many advances on the planet discovery front will come from the PLATO mission, which will find long-period planets and even true Earth analogues, and from the many ongoing and future precise... Dr. Ignasi Ribas ICE-CSIC |
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11/02/2025 - 12:30
An Unusual Triple System: CN Lyn Triple star systems hold significant astrophysical importance, offering profound insights into stellar evolution, dynamical interactions, and mass transfer processes. Due to their complexity compared to single or binary star systems, triple systems facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of stellar processes from formation to final stages. Thanks to large photometric surveys, such as Kepler, researchers were able to detect triple systems... Dr. Gökhan Yücel Istanbul University in Turkey, Turkey |
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06/02/2025 - 12:30
Equality and harrassment in the CSIC. A case of study: IAA In this talk I will present the equality plans in the CSIC with a critical look at the particular situation of the IAA. I will focus on the current IAA Equality plan (the first one) and the changes it needs to live in an increasingly friendly environment. Equality will have a positive impact on the quality of the science we produce. Dr. Josefa Masegosa Gallego INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA. Granada, España |
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31/01/2025 - 12:30
Resolving Stellar Angular Diameters with Asteroid Occultations Occultations have been used for measuring stellar angular diameters since 1936 when French astronomy M. A. Arnulf measured the radius of Regulus during a lunar occultation. Since then, astronomers have used lunar occultations to measure the angular diameters of hundreds of bright stars m≤5. The technique of measuring an angular diameter using lunar occultations is based on the diffraction of light around the limb of the moon. With this technique... Joshua Bartkoske University of Utah, USA. |
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30/01/2025 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: Modelling of large-scale magnetic field in low-mass stars Recent spectropolarimetric observations of low-mass stars show that large-scale components of their magnetic fields can exhibit cyclic variations or reversals. This magnetic activity affects detection of exoplanets and estimation of their masses, and so its modelling is particularly important. In convective stellar envelopes, magnetic fields are created through dynamo action - systematic stretching and twisting of magnetic field lines by... Dr. Anna Guseva Observatoire de Paris, France. |
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28/01/2025 - 12:30
El crecimiento de la complejidad en el Universo La existencia de vida es uno de los grandes problemas cosmológicos. Aunque la vida sea un hecho observado en un único planeta, el proceso de complejización que supone, debe obedecer a leyes generales universales. Varios autores claman por una “missing law” termodinámica, a la búsqueda de la cual se incorpora la hipótesis que presentamos aquí. El surgimiento y la evolución de la vida son resultado del mismo principio. Se deduce que la complejidad... Dr. Eduardo Battaner Universidad de Granada, Spain. |
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23/01/2025 - 12:30
Study of the very high energy emission from star-forming regions and young massive star clusters Cosmic rays (CRs) are a fundamental component of the Cosmos. They can penetrate and ionise the dense gas core of molecular clouds, affecting the dynamics of the cloud itself and triggering chemical reactions that lead to the creation of complex molecular compounds. In star-forming complexes, CRs can be accelerated by the wind of newly born massive stars, often found in young massive stellar clusters (YMSC). The amount of freshly injected CRs can... Dr. Gaia Verna Università degli Studi di Siena, Italy |
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01/01/2025 - 09:15
TBP TBP TBP TBP |
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12/12/2024 - 12:30
Informative Session for Foreign New Hires If you are a foreigner who has recently joined the IAA and haven not yet completed all the steps to formalize your residency in Spain, or if you would like to learn about some of the optional bureaucratic procedures that could make things easier for you living here, please join us for this informative session led by the Area of Visitor Assistance. Lauren C. Smith Severo Ochoa-IAA Research Support Office. Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía |
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10/12/2024 - 12:30
ESERO, from space to the classroom With the slogan ‘from space to the classroom’, and building on the fascination that students have for space, the European Space Agency's (ESA) European Space Education Resource Office in Spain (ESERO Spain) provides resources to primary and secondary school teachers to improve their literacy and STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) skills. Using the theme of space as a context for inspiration and motivation, ESERO runs a... Dr. Manuel González Oficina ESERO Spain |
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03/12/2024 - 12:30
Experimental ice simulations for the interpretation of ice and organics observations in the Solar System The harsh conditions in space (ultra-high vacuum, cryogenic temperatures, and radiation) are simulated in laboratory chambers to study ice properties and processes. UV photons/X-rays/ions impact on the ice covering microscopic dust particles in dense interstellar clouds, comets, icy moons and planetary surfaces. Radiation produces radicals and reactive species changing the initial composition of the ice (made of simple species like... Dr. Guillermo Muñoz Caro CAB, Madrid, España |
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28/11/2024 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: Cosmic chemical evolution: here, there, and everywhere Metals play a very important role in star formation and stellar evolution. Amongst other things they control the cooling of the interstellar gas, thus allowing the formation of stars; they affect the radiation transport, through the opacities involved in the different microscopic processes; and they have the most important role in the dust formation and in the mass loss from stars. Metals are formed inside stars. Therefore, it is expected that... Profa. Ángeles Díaz Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, España |
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21/11/2024 - 12:30
Towards the Standardization of the Modeling of Multi-Frequency Observations Blazars, a class of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) with relativistic jets oriented toward Earth, are powerful and highly variable emitters across the electromagnetic spectrum. Time-domain multi-messenger and multi-wavelength (MWL) studies are essential for understanding the physical processes at work on these systems, yet they often rely on proprietary tools specific to each instrument for reconstructing and modeling the collected data. In this... Dra. Mireia Nievas Rosillo IAC, Canarias, Spain |
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14/11/2024 - 12:30
Ozone and the Search for Life in the Universe As we approach the era where we will be able to characterize the atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets, we are put on a path to answer one of humanity's most compelling questions: are we alone in the universe? Molecular oxygen (O2) with a reducing gas (i.e., methane) is widely regarded as a promising biosignature - a sign of life in the atmospheres of terrestrial exoplanets. However, there are circumstances in which O2 will be very difficult or... Dr. Thea Kozakis IAA-CSIC, Granada, Spain |
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07/11/2024 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: The tidal arms of open star clusters are much longer than thought, but more difficult to find The tidal arms of stellar clusters are an important tool for studying the clusters’ birth conditions, their evolution, coupling, and interaction with the Galactic potential. They also help understand how field stars populate the Milky Way. Thanks to Gaia, much progress has been accomplished in finding the tidal arms of open clusters. I will show here that such arms are much longer than previously observed, and that their identification requires... Dr. Henri Boffin ESO |
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06/11/2024 - 12:30
New UGR proceedings for PhDs Every year we all doubt what needs to be done and uploaded for the university. This is a reminder and updated seminar about the current proceedings that affect the PhD, especially important since the UGR has modified some things recently. Dr. Antonio García Hernández UGR, Granada |
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31/10/2024 - 12:30
Using CHEOPS to confirm small transiting exoplanets orbiting bright stars Exoplanets which transit their host stars are unique in allowing detailed characterisation of planetary radius, mass and atmospheric properties. NASA's TESS mission, which has so far observed 97% of the sky with precise photometry, is especially adept at detecting small transiting planets orbiting the brightest... Dr. Hugh Osborn Physics Institute, University of Bern & Institute for Particle & Astrophysics, ETH Zurich |
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24/10/2024 - 12:30
SO colloquium: Role of Astrophotonics in Astronomy: The MARCOT Pathfinder Dr. Kalaga Venu Madhav, a renowned astrophysicist from the Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam, will present a colloquium on the role of astrophotonics in astronomy, focusing on the MARCOT Pathfinder project. The talk will cover advancements in astrophotonic technologies and their applications in modern astronomical instrumentation. Dr. Madhav will discuss the development and implementation of photonic devices in telescopes, their impact... Dr. Kalaga Madhav Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam (AIP), Germany |
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17/10/2024 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: Radio eyes for the Sun, Heliosphere and Ionosphere: Status and plans for the SKAO era The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) represents a monumental leap in radio astronomy technology, promising to redefine our understanding of the universe through its unprecedented capabilities. As we stand on the brink of the SKAO era, this talk aims to elucidate the transformative potential of SKAO for solar physics, heliospheric, and ionospheric research. The SKAO's advanced radio telescopes, with their superior angular, spectral, and... Dr. Pietro Zucca ASTRON, The Netherlands |
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10/10/2024 - 12:30
Uncovering the magnetized path of massive star formation Both observational and theoretical studies suggest that the magnetic field plays an important role in the process of massive star and cluster formation. However, many open questions still remain, including the exact role of B-field at the different scales (from cloud to disk scales) and its importance compared to turbulence, feedback and self-gravity. Multi-scale studies of the morphology and strength of the magnetic field are thus crucial to... Dr. Chi Yan (Paul) Law INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri, Italy |
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03/10/2024 - 12:30
SO Colloquium: The next generation of milliarcsecond surveys with SKA-VLBI Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), using both SKA-Low and SKA-Mid, is poised to deliver groundbreaking observations with milliarcsecond resolution, surpassing the capabilities of the standard SKA array. VLBI in conjunction with the SKA holds the promise of unlocking profound insights across various astrophysical topics and science working groups. VLBI with the SKA stands to revolutionise our understanding of galaxy evolution and the... Dr. Jack Radcliffe University of Pretoria, South Africa |
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30/09/2024 - 13:00
High-Resolution Study of Blazar TXS 2013+370 and BEAM: A Space Technology and Research Student Team The talk will focus on two key areas. Part one will present the high-resolution imaging of Blazar TXS 2013+370, a study conducted as part of an M.Sc. thesis. This research aims to resolve the inner jet structure of the compact radio source TXS 2013+370 in total intensity and polarization. This analysis utilizes VLBA data combined with Effelsberg observations at frequencies of 22 GHz, 43 GHz, and 86 GHz. Part two will highlight BEAM, a student... Giorgos Michailidis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece |
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27/09/2024 - 12:30
Who Is Afraid of the Dark (Energy)? Cosmic acceleration dominates the behavior of the recent universe, with some fundamentally new physics at its heart. Recent data gives a tantalizing suggestion that the dark energy behind it is more complicated than a cosmological constant. Nevertheless, we do know a lot about how to describe dark energy behavior. Data within the next year has great promise to give further insight, and exciting new instruments are being planned. Dr. Eric Linder Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA. |
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26/09/2024 - 11:00
The stellar distribution in ultra-faint dwarf galaxies suggests deviations from the collisionless cold dark matter paradigm Unraveling the nature of dark matter (DM) stands as a primary objective in modern physics. I will present evidence suggesting deviations from the collisionless Cold DM (CDM) paradigm. In the standard cosmological model the dark matter (DM) particles are collisionless and, because of this very nature, they develop halos with the characteristic central cusp known as NFW profile. Real galaxies do not show NFW profiles but, rather, have a DM mass... Dr. Jorge Sánchez Almeida Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias . Canarias , España |
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24/09/2024 - 12:30
Constraining the Meteoroid Flux in the inner solar system The inner solar system is populated by Interplanetary Dust Particles (IDPs) released from cometary trails and collisions between asteroids. Planetary bodies and satellites therefore encounter a cloud of IDPs along their orbits, giving rise to a permanent bombardment on their respective atmospheres or surfaces. Constraining the magnitude of the mass influx of IDPs onto a solar system body is crucial for understanding the effects in their... Dr. Juan Diego Carrillo Sánchez NASA Goddard, US |
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23/07/2024 - 12:30
The QUIJOTE experiment: status, latest results and future plans I will review the current status and future plans of the QUIJOTE (Q-U-I JOint TEnerife) experiment, a project with the aim of characterising the polarisation of the Cosmic Microwave Background, and other galactic or extragalactic physical processes that emit in microwaves in the frequency range 10-42GHz, and at large angular scales (1 degree resolution). The project has two radio telescopes (2.25m primary aperture) and three instruments, MFI (10... Dr. José Alberto Rubiño Martín Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, Spain |
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11/07/2024 - 12:30
Dust in protoplanetary disks, (still) that great unknown Planetary systems are a side effect in the formation of a star. Planets are believed to be just simply the last remaining of dusty circumstellar disks which is formed around the protostar at very early stages. Thus, understanding how planets are formed requires to understand how dust evolve in these disks. It is less than ten years that we have the possibility of mapping the dust distribution in protoplanetary disks with great detail with... Carlos Carrasco González UNAM, Mexico |
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27/06/2024 - 12:30
Multiple components in the protostellar system HH 212: Infalling envelope, nested shell, MHD disk winds, and free wind gas I will present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array Band 7 observations at ~24 au spatial resolution of the CO (J=3-2) and H13CO molecular lines emission of the protostellar system HH 212 and compare them with the emission of the SiO (J=8-7) and SO (J=8-7) molecular lines. From the large to small scale, previous observations have detected the infalling envelope, CO outflow shell, SO disk wind, SiO expanding shell and jet in the... Dr. Alejandro López-Vázquez Academia Sinica, Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan |
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25/06/2024 - 11:00
Intersexionality, a key work for diversity? Since we are children we have been taught what we are and we learn how to fit into a set of infinite boxes. Each of these boxes defines us and, at the same time, can be used to discriminate against us, in life and at work. Diversity exists and it could be an advantage for our society. As scientists we should understand how to take care of diversity and use it to improve our work and life quality. One of the main problems in the past has been... Dr. Eleonora Fiorellino INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico Capodimonte Napoli, Italy |